%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% This is an example latex report template.
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,epsf,portrait,times,epsfig]{article}
\usepackage[dvips]{graphics}
\usepackage{epsfig}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage{fancybox}

\setlength{\parskip}{0.2cm}
\setlength{\parindent}{0.0cm}
\setlength{\textheight}{8.5in}
\setlength{\textwidth}{16.0cm}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0in}
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0in}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0in}

%
% Macros can be defined to simplify repetative tasks, like common equations
% or notes that are required for your document
%
\def\todo{{\Large \bf TO DO}}

\def\DeltaE{\ensuremath{\Delta E}\xspace} 

\begin{document}
\pagenumbering{arabic}

\begin{center}
{\Large \bf Report Title}
\end{center}

\vspace{3.0cm}

\begin{center}
{\large \bf Author Name}\\
\vspace{1.5cm}
\today
\end{center}

\vspace{3.0cm}

\begin{center}
{\large \bf Abstract}
\end{center}

The abstract is a short description of your work.  In a few lines of text you should
be able to summarise the work that you are describing, along with the main results, 
and any significant conclusions that you have reached.

\clearpage

\tableofcontents

\clearpage

\section{Introduction}

This is an example \LaTeX\ file.  The source file shows the latex commands used
in order to create the pdf example report that you are reading.  You should 
read this report file in parallel with the tex that was used to create it.

\section{Making Sections}

You can make a new section in latex by using the $\backslash section\{section\, headding\}$ 
command.  For example $\backslash section\{Introduction\}$ was used to make the introduction.  In a similar way, sub and sub-sub section headdings are obtained.

\section{References}

One of the ways of citing work using latex is illustrated in this example.  
This is through the $\backslash cite\{bibitem\,key\, name\}$ command.  More information on the 
use of \LaTeX\ can be found at the \LaTeX\ Prject Web Site~\cite{latex},
or by doing a web search.  If you make more citations in your report, for 
example L.~Landau~\cite{landau}, and the LHC~\cite{LHC}, the reference numbers
are automatically incremented at the end of the document.  The order of your
reference numbers depends on the order in which the $\backslash bibitem$ 
commands appear in the bibliography.

\section{Equations}

There are two ways to include single-line equations in \LaTeX.  The simplest
method is it surround the equation by double dollar signs.  This will produce 
an equation that does not have numbering by default and is aligned in the 
centre of the page.  For example
$$
{\cal {P}}(x; \gamma) = e^{\gamma x},
$$
is the equation for an exponential function.  The latex used to produce this 
is

\begin{center}
\shadowbox{
 \begin{tabular}{l}
\$\$\\
$\{\backslash cal \{P\}\}( x;\, \backslash gamma) = e\wedge \{\backslash gamma\, x\},$\\
\$\$\\
 \end{tabular}
}
\end{center}

Another way to obtain a single line equation is to use the equation environment:
\begin{equation}
{\cal {P}}(x; \gamma) = e^{\gamma x},\label{myeqn}
\end{equation}
where the equation now has a number.  There is also a label on this equation so we can refer to this
as Eq.~(\ref{myeqn}) in the text and \LaTeX\ will substitute the correct equation number into the text.
The \LaTeX\ required to produce this equation is shown in the following:

\begin{center}
\shadowbox{
 \begin{tabular}{l}
$\backslash begin\{equation\}$\\
$\{\backslash cal \{P\}\}( x;\, \backslash gamma) = e\wedge \{\backslash gamma\, x\}, \backslash label\{ myeqn \}$\\
$\backslash end\{equation\}$\\
 \end{tabular}
}
\end{center}

Sometimes we need to have a multiline equations.  Either a long equation broken over more than one line, or
several related equations written down within a common block of \LaTeX.  These multiline equations are 
made using the eqnarray environment as shown below
 \begin{eqnarray}
  {\cal {P}}(x; p_i) &=& f_{core} G_{core}(x, \sigma(x), \mu_{core}, \sigma_{core} )
                          + f_{tail} G_{tail}(x, \sigma(x), \mu_{tail}, \sigma_{tail} ) \nonumber\\
                        &&  + (1 - f_{core} - f_{tail} G_{outlier}(x,  \mu_{outlier}, \sigma_{outlier} ).
 \end{eqnarray}

\subsection{Mathematical symbols and Greek lettering}

As you will see in the preceeding, the \LaTeX\ commands for 
greek letters are the name of the letter preceeded by a $\backslash$.  In 
order to correctly reproduce a greek letter, you will need to place
the latex command in a mathmode environment.  Such environments are
described above with respect to equations, however you can have an in-line
mathmode enviroment by encosing your latex commands with dollar signs.  For
example $\$\backslash alpha\backslash beta\backslash gamma\$$ is reproduced 
as $\alpha\beta\gamma$. 

There are a number of pre-defined symbols that are useful, such as $\backslash hbar$ which produces $\hbar$, 
and it is possible to underline or overline a letter such as $\underline{b}$, $\overline{b}$ with
$\$\backslash underline\{b\}\$$, and $\$\backslash overline \{b\}\$$.

 A full list of math symbols can be found in 
Ref.~\cite{latexmath}. 


\section{Figures}

Figure~\ref{fig:gaussian} shows an imported figure.  The imported figure is an eps (Encapsulated Postscript) 
file.  Figures should always have
\begin{itemize}
  \item A caption.  This should appear below the figure.
  \item Axis labels.  It is unacceptable to omit axis labels, and to do so will result in marks being taken off of any work you submit.  The units (if any) should be indicated on the axis labels.
  \item The text and numbers on a figure should be readable.
  \item If the caption refers to lines on points on the figure, it should do so by style, not colour.  That way 
        your report remains readable when printed on a black and white printer.
\end{itemize}
Your figure should also be referred to in the text surrounding it.  Normally the figure will appear just 
after it has been referred to.


\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\resizebox{12.cm}{!}{
\includegraphics{example_gaussian.eps}
}
\caption{An example of the Gaussian function shape, normalised to unit area.  The un-normalised Gaussian functionis given in Eq.~(\ref{myeqn}).}\label{fig:gaussian}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Tables}

Table~\ref{tbl:particles} shows a table in \LaTeX.
\begin{table}[!h]
\caption{The masses and lifetimes of several unstable particles.
}
\label{tbl:particles}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{lcc}\hline\hline
Particle        & Mass ($MeV/c^2$) & Lifetime (s) \\\hline\hline
$\mu$           & $105.658367\pm 0.000004$   & $(2.197019 \pm 0.000021)\times 10^{-6}$ \\
$\pi^0$         & $134.9766\pm 0.0006$       & $(8.4 \pm 0.6)\times 10^{-17}$ \\
$\pi^\pm$       & $139.57018\pm 0.00035$     & $(2.6033 \pm 0.0005)\times 10^{-8}$ \\ \hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Normally table captions appear above the table, and as with figures, the tables are referred to in the
text before they appear in the document.

\section{Style and formatting}

The Student handbook has information on style and formatting for projects~\cite{stuhbk}.  More formal
guides are available that give formatting advice for journal publications.  Particularly keen students
might also like to refer to the American Institute for Physical journal publication style guide~\cite{aps}.


%
% The bibliography is made from the following latex.  Each item in the 
% bibliography can be referred to in the text by using \cite{bibkey},
% where the bibkey is the label given to each \bibitem in curly braces below.
%
\begin{thebibliography}{99}

\bibitem{latex}
http://www.latex-project.org/

\bibitem{landau}
L.~Landau, J.~Phys.~USSR {\bf 8} (1944) 201; see also
W.~Allison and J.~Cobb, Ann.~Rev.~Nucl.~Part.~Sci. {\bf 30} (1980) 253.

\bibitem{LHC}
The Large Hadron Collider at CERN.  The LHC web page can be found at
http://lhc.web.cern.ch/lhc/.

\bibitem{latexmath}
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf

\bibitem{stuhbk}
http://www.ph.qmul.ac.uk/stuhbk/guidelines.php.

\bibitem{aps}
http://www.aip.org/pubservs/style/4thed/AIP\_Style\_4thed.pdf.

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}

